Indonesia Conference Directory

Corresponding Author
Wahyu Supartono

Institutions
Department of Agro-industrial Technology - Faculty of Agricultural Technology - Universitas Gadjah Mada - Indonesia

Abstract
Fresh milk is produced by cows which are nurtured and milked by dairy farmers. The fresh milk is collected at Cooperation on Milk Warga Mulya then is processed into pasteurized fresh milk and packed in the cup. Whole activities are influenced by scale of ownership, type of milking process and energy usage for conducting activities. So far effect these activities on environment was not calculated and predicted. The objectives of this research was to implement Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) on fresh milk production which was packed with a plastic cup. Some parameters were considered such as milking technique and number of cows at every farmers. The LCA is a method that can be used to calculate the environmental impact of fresh pasteurized milk production. The samples were 10 dairy farmers as member of Milk Cooperation Warga Mulya at Sleman Regency - Yogyakarta Special Province. The process was started from milking process at farmers, then picking up the fresh milk, receiving milk at Cooperation and then milk processing or pasteurization. All energy, waste and others were collected, calculated, analyzed and then determined into environmental effect category. The results showed, that the energy usage for carrying out all activities was reached by farmers with small livestock group 2.29 MJ/l. The highest emission was gained by pasteurization process released 47.387 g/l CO2 equivalent, 0.0564 g/l SO2, 0.482 g/l NOx and 0.00244 g/l CH4. Then the highest impact to environment was contributed by pasteurization process as follow Global Warming Potential (GWP) 0.0474 kg CO2 equivalent; Acidification Potential (AP) 0.000394 kg SO2 equivalent and Eutrophication Potential (EP) 6.27 x 10-5 kg PO43- equivalent.

Keywords
LCA, Fresh Milk, Pasteurization

Topic
Postharvest and food engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/VECfrhuz8ZcJ

Corresponding Author
Ely Suhayati

Institutions
Department of Accounting
Universitas Komputer Indonesia
ely.suhayati[at]email.unikom.ac.id

Abstract
The purpose of this study is to examine how much audit experience influences the timeliness in completing audits that has implications for Auditor Performance, the respondents in this study are 30 Senior Auditors in Bandung Region. The study results are Audit Experience has an influence on Timeliness in completing audits that has implications for auditor performance. It means that the more auditors have experience in conducting audits, the more timely auditing will be that can influence auditor performance, experience is not only absolutely needed by auditors in public accounting firms, but by all other fields of auditors such as government auditors.

Keywords
Audit Experience, Timeliness, Audit Performance

Topic
Accounting

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/z7UyJvZMGgm8

Corresponding Author
Radi Radi

Institutions
1Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Flora No.1 Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
2AGM Systems & Engineering, Suwon, Korea
3Daedong Industry Co., Ltd., Seoul, Korea

Abstract
Combine harvester is one of the most needed agricultural machinery by farmers as it is increasingly difficult to find harvest worker. To develop the machine, Department of Agriculture and Biosystem Engineering collaborated with AGM Systems & Engineering to test the DSF75GT type combine harvester machine. The preliminary test shows that the machine performance is not optimal, especially when it is viewed from the grain damage percentage during the harvesting process. Based on the process, the harvesting principle of the machine includes the stages of cutting, feeding, threshing, and moving the grain from the threshing unit to the grain tank, and finally with unloading stage. Process to grain transfer with screw conveyor system is suspected to be the cause of grain damage. For this reason, this study aims to determine the machine parts which potentially contribute to the grain damage. The test was carried out in laboratory with two sample, i.e. harvested grain samples (GKP) and milled dry grain (GKG). The sample was inserted in to the threshing chamber which is then transferred by screw conveyor to the grain tank before being removed. Observation of the grain damage is carried out at 5 points on the screw conveyors. The results showed that there were 3 screws which contribute significantly to grain damage. From the result, the next step focuses on modification of the parts.

Keywords
combine harvester, laboratory performance, grain damage, screw conveyor

Topic
Energy and agricultural machinery

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/XWGqr2LwfVMK

Corresponding Author
Radi Radi

Institutions
1Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Flora No.1 Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
2Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Industrial Technology, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember, Indonesia

Abstract
Abstract. Particle size is one of the quality attributes of a number of food products. This quality attribute often determines the taste and flavour of such food product, for example, i.e. ground coffee powder or instant coffee product. For reasons of taste and flavour, a number of food producers determine the size for each ground coffee product, as well as for the granular size of their instant coffee. The particle size is generally determined through laboratory testing, such as the use of sieves, which of course, the process is time consuming. On the other hand, a continuous food processing requires a rapid measurement process for accessing each quality product, include the particle size. Therefore, it is necessary to develop a rapid method for the particle size estimation of correspond food product. This study aims to examine image features that have potentially to estimate the particle size of granular. The research focused on the texture features extracted from the sample image. Samples of varying sizes particle are captured with a camera at a constant lighting level. A feature extraction program was developed to extract the texture features of the images. These features are then evaluated for their relationship to the granular size. The results show that a number of texture features have a strong relationship to the sample granular size and have a high chance of being used as estimating particle size.

Keywords
estimation, particle size, granular, textural feature, image processing

Topic
Energy and agricultural machinery

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/ZpnXr4qmDFW9

Corresponding Author
Budi Indra Setiawan

Institutions
a) Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
* budindra[at]ipb.ac.id
b) Department of Agricultural and Biosystem Engineering, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
c) Ministry of Agriculture, the Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta.
d) PT. Komatsu Marketing and Support Indonesia. Jl. Raya Bekasi KM. 22 Cakung, Jakarta 13910-Indonesia

Abstract
Farming bulldozer (FB) is a heavy machine made by Komatsu specifically designed for multipurpose operations in very wide land types, from extremely dry to wet/swamplands. Basically, FB is a bulldozer but uses a wider crawler so that its Ground Pressure (GP) is about twice lower than the 4W Tractor. The FB being tested is D21PL-8 type having GP 0.19 kgf/cm2, Flywheel HP 32.4 kW 44 PS@2450 rpm, Operating Weight 4815 kg/cm2. Attached with associated implements, FB can do land clearing and leveling, land plowing and harrowing, soil puddling, subsoil draining, direct seeding, and harvesting. Tested fields are in the provinces of West Java (wet/dryland, South Sumatra (wetland), South Kalimantan (wetland), South Sulawesi (dry/wetland), West Papua (dry/wetland) and East Nusa Tenggara (dryland). In general, FB can do precise leveling in a range of 15mm in 0.15-ha tested paddy field. Worktime for plowing continued with puddling is 4.97 hours/ha and harrowing continued with puddling is 5.15 hours/ha while for hand tractor in both cases is more than 13 hours/ha. It means FB can reduce work time up to 60%. In term of yield, there is no significant difference with hand tractor which ranges from 6 t/ha to 7 t/ha. In conclusions, FB can do many tasks of land cultivations, cover a wider area of any land types, reduce labor numbers and cost and increase planting intensity. Further testing to find the optimal size of land, operation and maintenance costs and impacts on the economy, society and environment is still underway.

Keywords
Farming bulldozer; field performance; wet and drylands; paddy fields

Topic
Energy and agricultural machinery

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/8WfEVtq6ezka

Corresponding Author
Radi Radi

Institutions
1Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Flora No.1 Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia

Abstract
Water is one of the elements needed for plant growth. The water is generally supplied from rain. However, non-uniform rainfall throughout the year results in periods where plants need additional water. Besides, surface irrigation system is costly, especially for large area. For efficiency reason, providing water to plantation crops must be regulated. This paper proposes an economical irrigation model for plantation crops. This study uses pineapple plantations as a topic of study. This irrigation model is developed from a drip irrigation model that has been investigated in recent year. Previous study showed that a drip irrigation device has a limited operating range. Therefore, for large working areas, land is divided into a number of plots where each plot is managed by an automatic drip irrigation device. In order to simplify management, all automatic drip irrigation devices are connected a master node which acts as a data and information collection centre. While each irrigation device in each plot acts as a client or slave node. This model has been simulated in a laboratory, where the model consists of 3 slave nodes and a master node. Communication between master and slave nodes is done with a wireless network. The simulation results show that the master can manage slave work properly, can collect the data from the slave, while the slave node can provide irrigation water according to the target conditions.

Keywords
irrigation, smart, plantation, drip, wireless.

Topic
Biophysics engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/QxyCjRBdH98G

Corresponding Author
sri markumningsih

Institutions
1 Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Gadjah Mada
Jln. Flora No.1 Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, INDONESIA

Corresponding Author E-mail: sri_markumningsih[at]ugm.ac.id

Abstract
One of the renewable energy sources that can be used as a driving resource is the wind. Wind energy can be converted into energy in other forms, for example mechanical energy or electrical energy through wind turbines. One of the most developed wind turbines is the Savonius type which includes the vertical shaft type. The investment cost for making a real wind turbine in the field is very expensive so it cannot use trial and error methods to get efficient turbines. Research to develop wind turbines is done by making a prototype of a laboratory scale wind turbine. The part of wind turbines are made in a small size so that the mini wind power plant can operate and on the other hand does not cost a lot. From the prototype parameters can be observed that affect the performance of the wind turbine. The windmill prototype was made 200 cm high and 50 cm in diameter and equipped with 4 blades. For testing in the laboratory using a wind source from the fan which is driven by an electric motor that can be adjusted by the rpm. The determination of power efficiency is applied by the turbine ability to absorb the energy of wind as represented by torque and rotational speed of turbine attacked air flow in testing. The result shows that efficiency of the savonius turbine were 5,02% - 9,12%.

Keywords
renewable energy, savonius type windmill prototype, learning medium

Topic
Energy and agricultural machinery

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/z7etHEuhJCN8

Corresponding Author
sri markumningsih

Institutions
1 Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada,
Jln. Flora No.1 Bulakrumur, Yogyakarta 55281, INDONESIA
2 AGM Systems & Engineering, Suwon, SOUTH KOREA
3 Daedong Industry Co., Ltd., Seoul, SOUTH KOREA

Corresponding Author E-mail: bambang_pw[at]ugm.ac.id

Abstract
The objective of this study was to test Korea-made tractors and combines in Indonesia to increase their local adaptability to Southeast Asian countries. The tractors are Kioti DK4510 (43HP) for paddy field and Kioti RX7620 (72HP) for sugarcane plantation. The combine harvester is Kioti DSF75GT (72HP). The tractors were tested to work into three types of soils (heavy, medium, and light) that represent the characteristics of paddy field and sugarcane plantation. The heavy soil was grumusol and latosol, the medium was Regosol, and the light was Latosol. The implements used for the performance test was local-made implement with some adjustment. The implements for paddy field were disc plow and rotary tiller, and for sugarcane plantation were disc plow and disc harrow. The tractors performance has been evaluated by the observation of the cooling performance, actual working speed, fuel consumption, and field capacity. Three repetitions of each variation were conducted. The combine was tested to harvest local paddy field in the past season. The field capacity, threshing performance, cooling performance, and easiness of the operation were observed to evaluate the combine performance. As the result for the second year, the plowing field capacity of RX7620 in heavy, medium, and light soil were 0.46 ha/hr, 0.34 ha/hr, and 0.34 ha/hr respectively. The field capacity for harrowing obtained 0.53 ha/hr, 0.47 ha/hr, and 0.58 ha/hr. For the Combine harvester, the field capacity was 0.38 ha/hr. Small modification and adjustment of some components have been performed so as to fit the agro-technical aspect and operational requirement. Performance evaluation of the modified machines and public demonstration will be in our future works.

Keywords
adaptability study; agricultural machinery; tractor testing; local farming field

Topic
Energy and agricultural machinery

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/GFJtYPh4jUgw

Corresponding Author
Bayu Nugraha

Institutions
1BIOSYST-MeBioS, KU Leuven, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium;
2Flanders Centre of Postharvest Technology, Willem de Croylaan 42, 3001 Leuven, Belgium;
3Agricultural and Biosystem Engineering, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Yogyakarta, Indonesia

Abstract
Gas diffusion in bulky plant organs is relevant for understanding the respiratory metabolism. Limited tissue diffusivity due to low porosity may create gas concentration gradients leading to hypoxia. As porosity is known to be different between and within different tissues, oxygen (O2) diffusivity cannot be regarded as a homogeneous gas transport parameter of plant organs. This study aims to study the relationship between O2 diffusivity and porosity for four different horticultural products: eggplant, apple, turnip and pear, which have shown variability in tissue microstructure. Based on X-ray CT images of the whole product, porosity maps were created. O2 diffusivity was computed using a microscale model solved on the corresponding 3-D tissue microstructure of different samples across the product, derived from high resolution X-ray CT scan. The correlation between O2 diffusivity and porosity was determined along the radial tissue sample, as affected by sample size. The correlation was high in eggplant tissue (R2 = 0.96), compared to the other products. Distinct distribution of the O2 diffusivity to the porosity was also influenced by the characteristic of tissue intercellular space of the products such as tortuosity, connectivity and size of pore. In conclusion, the tissue diffusivity is not only influenced porosity, but also other microstructural parameters, and strongly affected by size of the considered tissue sample.

Keywords
oxygen diffusivity, X-ray computed tomography, 3-D tissue microstructure, eggplant, turnip, apple, pear

Topic
Postharvest and food engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/gWKGCHmjhfq9

Corresponding Author
Gatot Pramuhadi

Institutions
Department of Mechanical and Biosystem Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia.

Abstract
The objectives of the research is to determine optimum liquid fertilizing on red spinach cultivation in a greenhouse. The research was conducted from March to April 2019 at the SprayerLaboratory and in a greenhouse to determine parameters of droplet diameter, droplet density, effective spraying width, effective spraying debit, and harvested biomass weight. Spraying tools and material are SWAN F16 electric sprayer, air blower, and liquid fertilizer. Results of the research showed that the use of the electric sprayer and the use of the electric sprayer and the air blower produced minimum droplet diameter, maximum droplet density, maximum effective spraying width, and minimum effective spraying debit were 311 micron m, 706 droplet/cm2, 56 cm, and 1.99 liter/minute and 405.14 micron m, 361 droplet/cm2, 72 cm, and 2.21 liter/minute in average respectively. The use of the electric sprayer has produced maximum harvested biomass weight of 7.17 g/plant in average on walking speed of 0.9 m/s with 1.97 liter/ha liquid fertilizer dosage. The use of the electric sprayer and the air blower have produced maximum harvested biomass weight of 4.55 g/plant in average on walking speed of 0.5 m/s with 3 liter/ha liquid fertilizer dosage.

Keywords
optimization, red spinach, electric sprayer, droplet, biomass weight

Topic
Energy and agricultural machinery

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/PYAFaZHd6MQW

Corresponding Author
Budi Indra Setiawan

Institutions
a) Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia
* budindra[at]ipb.ac.id
b) Ministry of Agriculture, the Republic of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
c) Department of Agricultural and Biosystem Engineering, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor 16680, Indonesia.
d) Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Japan.
e) Kensetsu Kogyo Co., Ltd, Hagi, Yamaguchi, Japan

Abstract
Sheet-pipe is a sort of perforated mole drain placed horizontally between 30-50 cm below the land surface commonly having a water-logged problem. The sheet-pipe can be installed with a heavy machine mole drainer. The main purpose of installing sheet-pipe is to maintain or control the expected water table in farmlands. Sheet-pipe having a diameter of 5 mm has been installed at depth of 40 cm with a drain spacing of 4 m and length of 100 m covering a paddy field of 1 hectare located in Sukamandi District, Subang Regency, West Java, Indonesia. Field investigation and numerical studies were undertaken to figure out water head profiles surrounding the sheet-pipe. The paddy field installed with sheet-pipe can be drained faster (2 times) and in consequence, its water level can be managed easier. Right after an effective rainfall event (34 mm), the rainwater immediately infiltrates downward resulting in a parabolic curve of infiltration rate (maximum rate 0.94 cm/h) which clearly differs with a common infiltration curve (steady state 0.121 cm/h). Water level profile is horizontally flat except at the points closer to the sheet-pipe which is showing the presence of outward gradients of the water head. The electrical conductivity was low (0.33 mS/cm) due to the leaching effect. In this case, land productivity (around 6 t/ha) increased by 6%.

Keywords
waterlogged; mole drain; sheet-pipe; water table; water discharge

Topic
Land and water resources engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/J3HmUKz82LMZ

Corresponding Author
Agus Harayanto

Institutions
a) Agricultural Engineering Department, Agriculture Faculty, University of Lampung.
Jl. Soemantri Brojonegoro

Abstract

Keywords
1, Bandar Lampung, Indonesia 35145
b) Mechanical Engineering Department, Udayana University.
Jl. Kampus Bukit Jimbaran 80361 Bali, Indonesia.
c) Department of Agro-industrial Tecnology, Agriculture Faculty, University of Lampung.
Jl. Soemantri Brojonegoro

Topic
1, Bandar Lampung, Indonesia 35145
d) Agriculture Faculty, University of Jember, East Java

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/RVmrZKYjzwnx

Corresponding Author
Rengga Arnalis Renjani

Institutions
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Technology,
Stiper Agricultural University (INSTIPER)
Nangka 2 street, Maguwoharjo, Depok, Sleman 55282 Indonesia
Corresponding author: rengga_tepins[at]instiperjogja.ac.id

Abstract
Separation of shells and kernels in palm oil mill are divided into two separation processes, there are dry and wet separation processes. Dry separation process uses Light Transport Dry Separator (LTDS) using the pneumatic principle of fan suction. The wet separation process uses Claybath and Hydrocyclone. Separation using Claybath is based on the principle of density using a calcium carbonate solution medium. Separation with Hydocyclone uses the principle of centrifugal force with the help of a pump using water fluid media. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effectiveness of the separation between hydrocyclone and claybath based on dirt content and kernel loss, to determine the level of efficiency of use between hydrocyclone and claybath based on the use of CaCO3 and the cost of power used and evaluate the performance of combined use of hydrocyclone and claybath. The results showed that use of claybath in the wet separation process at the palm oil mill nut and kernel station was more effective than hydrocyclone and a combination of both (claybath + hydocylcone), with the percentage of impurities in claybath of 5.47%; kernel loss of 1.24% and use of CaCO3 3.99 kg / ton FFB. The used of claybath in the wet separation process at the palm oil mill nut and kernel station was more effective than hydrocyclone and a combination of both, with a percentage of impurities of 5.47%; kernel loss of 1.24% and used of CaCO3 3.99 kg / ton FFB. The used of claybath was more appropriate compared to the used of a combination of hydrocyclone and claybath in the wet separation process at the nut and kernel stations in palm oil mill.

Keywords
Claybath, hydrocyclone, kernel, shell, wet separation

Topic
Postharvest and food engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/BhMmDtAGeaF2

Corresponding Author
Abu Bakar Tawali

Institutions
a) Department of Food Science and Technology, Hasanuddin University, Indonesia
*andi.rahmayanti28[at]gmail.com
b) Department of Nutrition, Health Institute of Helvetia, Indonesia
c) Department of Public Health, Hasanuddin University, Indonesia
d) Department of Marine Science and Fisheries, Hasanuddin University, Indonesia

Abstract
Empek-empek is one of signatured food from Indonesia which made from fish paste, tapioca starch, and other additional ingredients. The objective of this present work was to develop premix flour for making empek-empek using mackerel surimi and to evaluate their chemical characteristic and sensory attributes of the product. The mackerel fish was made into surimi, powdered, then mixed with tapioca starch and other additional ingredients. The following aspect were characterized including moisture, fat, protein, ash, carbohydrate content, and sensory acceptability of the premix product. The results showed that mackerel surimi flour at level of 66,67% is the recommended formula. The empek-empek which made from this premix flour presented hedonic score like moderately for all sensory attributes. In conclusion, our premix can be used for preparing empek-empek with less complicated process and the product did not have any negative results on sensory acceptability.

Keywords
Empek-empek; Premix flour; Mackerel; Surimi

Topic
Biophysics engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/V674pJNzDnXh

Corresponding Author
Baharuddin Baharuddin

Institutions
a) Departement of Plant Pests and Diseases, Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South Sulawesi, 90245
* baharuddin[at]agri.unhas.ac.id
b) Agrotechnology Study Program, Makassar Islamic University, Makassar, South Sulawesi, 90245
c) Departement of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South Sulawesi, 90245

Abstract
Efforts to increase rice productivity in Indonesia are still constrained by attacks of plant pest organisms which cause low crop productivity. Diseases that often attack rice plantations include blast and leaf blight disease. Blast is caused by a fungus Magnaporthe grisea Cav. While leaf blight is caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae (Xoo). There are isolates of bacterial that have ability to provide resistance to disease attacks on plants, one of which is Paenybacillus polymixa. Based on this study, the aim of this study was to determine the ability of P. polymixa isolates in controlling the attack of Xanthomonas and fungi Magnaporthe grisea in vitro. The research stage is a test of bacterial inhibition of Xoo and M. grisea. The inhibition zone index in the antagonist test for Xoo pathogens in MO Plus was higher than P. polymixa. MO Plus inhibition zone index 1.87 while P. polymixa is only 1.20 at 7 days after incubation. P. polymixa bacteria have the highest index in inhibiting P. oryzae, which is 57.02. While the MO Plus inhibition index is 21.12

Keywords
Rice, biofertilizer, biopesticide

Topic
Other Agricultural and biosystems topic

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/pJjdYGHNmuea

Corresponding Author
Baharuddin Baharuddin

Institutions
a) Departement of Plant Pests and Diseases, Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South Sulawesi, 90245
*baharuddin[at]agri.unhas.ac.id
b) Indonesian Agriculture Quarantine, Makassar Branch Office, Makassar, South Sulawesi, 90245
c) Agricultural Biotechnology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South Sulawesi, 90245
d) Departement of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, South Sulawesi, 90245

Abstract
Bacterial ring rot caused by a gram-positive Coryneform bacterium C.m subsp. sepedonicus is an important disease in potato crops in the world. The disease is until now still belong to an A1 quarantine pathogen in Indonesia, although it was found in West Java since 2013. The objective of this study was to know the presence of bacterial ring rot in four potato district areas in South Sulawesi. Diseased samples were conducted from potato fields and storage warehouses in Enrekang, Gowa, Jeneponto and Bantaeng. Potato tuber samples were cutted and observed their vasiculer vessels and then isolated and grown the bacteria on NA and NBY media. Bacterial isolates were morphological and physiological characterized as well as patogenicity on eggplant and PCR test using specific primer for Cms 50F and Cms 50 R. The results showed that Cms has become widespread in four districs in South Sulawesi. The disease incidence of bacterial ringrot in these districs reached above 30 %. All of 14 isolates were obtained from the results of a standard methods for identification (EPPO, 2006) showed that the presence of DNA band size of 224 bp, which indicated positively belong to C.michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus.

Keywords
bacterial ring rot, PCR.

Topic
Other Agricultural and biosystems topic

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/GPyCEak2urhv

Corresponding Author
Ana Kemala Putri Jauhari

Institutions
1Chemical Engineering Department, Institut Teknologi Bandung
2Food and Agricultural Product Technology Department, Universitas Gadjah Mada

Abstract
The aim of this research was to evaluate mini-pilot scale production of lactic acid in a 2-L batch reactor through a catalytic reaction of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch (OPEFB). The OPEFB is a solid by-product from the oil palm industry with high cellulose content which is profoundly potential to be used as raw material to produce high-value derivative products such as lactic acid. The research methodology was conducted in three stages including pretreatment of OPEFB by using Sodium Hydroxide, characterization of pretreated OPEFB, and catalytic reaction. Overall, the results show that the yield of lactic acid produced from a mini-pilot scale was lower than that from the laboratory scale due to the lower intensity interaction and product deposit occurred during the process. The highest conversion of lactic acid in mini-pilot scale was obtained when the conversion of pretreated OPEFB was catalyzed by using PbCl2 compared to Ba(OH)2 with 84.13%-w/w and 45.28%-w/w successively. Likewise, in the laboratory scale, the highest conversion of lactic acid was also obtained by using PbCl2, which the yield was measured at 88.58%-w/w. For both catalysts which were observed, applying pretreatment by using alkaline hydrothermal method produced lactic acid whose yield was higher than that by using untreated OPEFB due to the amorphous properties of the pretreated OPEFB.

Keywords
mini-pilot scale, catalytic conversion, lactic acid, PbCl2, Ba(OH)2

Topic
Other Agricultural and biosystems topic

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/hH9muzq3QBVG

Corresponding Author
Handarto Handarto

Institutions
Department of Agricultural Engineering and Biosystem
Faculty of Agro-industrial Technology
Universitas Padjadjaran

Abstract
The objective of this research was to analyze the effect of side ventilator opening on ventilation rate based on wind factors and its effects on air temperature and relative humidity in a naturally ventilated single-span greenhouse. Front-and rear side ventilator openings are set-up in four levels: fully close, one-third open, two-third open, and fully open. Air temperature and relative humidity are observed under three levels of solar radiation intensities: less than 400 W.m-2, 400-800 W.m-2, and more than 800 W.m-2. The ventilation rate is analized using the wind pressure coefficient method by calculating the internal pressure coefficient in the greenhouse. The distribution of air temperature and air flow at constant wind speeds is depicted by CFD simulation. At all conditions of solar radiation intensities, the air temperature in the greenhouse exceeds the optimum temperature for cherry tomato plants in the generative growth phase. These indicated that the natural ventilation rate has not been able to lower the air temperature in the greenhouse for cherry tomato plants. At the constant wind speed conditions, the ventilation rate increse with increasing the ventilator opening. At a constant wind speed of 4 m.s-1, the maximum ventilation rates observed when all ventilators fully open and wind direction is perpendicular to side ventilators. The maximum ventilation rates at front-side ventilator, roof ventilator and rear-side ventilator are 0.277 kg.m-2.s-1, -0.5049 kg.m-2.s-1 and 0.228 kg.m-2.s-1, respectively.

Keywords
CFD; Natural ventilation; Single-span greenhouse; Ventilation rate; Wind pressure coefficient

Topic
Agricultural structures and environmental engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/zfpFwZnTgC8P

Corresponding Author
Fiqi Ahmat Farizi

Institutions
a) Department of Agricultural and Biosystem Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Flora Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta, INDONESIA
*ngadisihugm[at]gmail.com, ngadisih[at]ugm.ac.id
b) Laboratory of Watershed Management, Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Agro No. 1 Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta, INDONESIA

Abstract

Keywords
Erosion, landslides, correlation, hydrophysic, infiltration, karangkobar catchment

Topic
Land and water resources engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/7NQ2zgRrfMnJ

Corresponding Author
I Made Anom Sutrisna Wijaya

Institutions
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Udayana University, Badung, Bali

Abstract
Plant photosynthesis is strongly influenced by light, carbon dioxide, the availability of water and nutrients found in the soil. In this study, LED light combined with gambelan music Gong Kebyar was applied to pakcoy plants to see its effect on growth and productivity. The LED light that is applied is white, red-blue, and red-white-blue LED light, which is given for 20 hours from 06.00 to 02.00. Gambelan Gong Kebyar music is applied for 3 hours, from 06.00 to 12.00. Variables observed included plant height, canopy area, leaf greenery, root length, and plant biomass. The results showed that white LED light had a negative effect, while the red-blue LED, and red-white-blue light had a positive effect on the growth and productivity of Pakcoy mustard. The use of red-blue LED light with a wavelength range of 450-760 nm, combined with gong kebyar gamelan music gave the highest value on plant height (27,176 cm), canopy area (1457.59 cm2), leaf greenery (160.03), root length (23.6 cm), canopy and root wet weight (91.68 g and 5.26 g) and plant and root biomass (4.63 g and 0.42 g). It can be concluded that the use of red blue LED light combined with gong kebyar gamelan music increases the growth and productivity of pakcoy mustard.

Keywords
Gong kebyar gamelan music, LED light, growth, productivity, and pakcoy

Topic
Other Agricultural and biosystems topic

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/GyWhJ3tZTa9L

Corresponding Author
Wardhana Suryapratama

Institutions
a) Laboratory of Feed Science, Faculty of Animal Science,Jenderal Soedirman University, Jl. dr. Suparno 60 Purwokerto, Indonesia.
*wardhanaunsoed[at]gmail.com
b) Laboratory of Animal Feed and Nutrition, Faculty of Animal Science, Jenderal Soedirman University. Jl. dr. Suparno 60, Purwokerto, Indonesia

Abstract
A study was carried out in order to investigate the influence of Moringa oleifera leaf extract on reducing of methane production in sheep. The experiment by in vitro methode was done from June 2018 until October 2018. The treatments were ration with addition of three level of Moringa oleifera leaf extract of 0%, 0.25%, and 0.50% from dry matter (DM) of diet, respectively. Moringa oleifera leaves are dried in an oven at 60ºC for 2 x 24 hours, then ground to make extracted using ethanol. A Completely Randomized Design with six replications was applied in this experiment. The Rumen fluid was obtained from three thin-tailed sheep and was used as a source of inoculum. The diet consists of concentrate and ammoniated rice straw ratio of 60:40 based on DM and the concentrate consists of two parts of rice bran and one part of coconut meal. The results of the variance analysis and the orthogonal polynomial test indicated that the level of 0.5% Moringa oleifera leaf extract lowest of the number of protozoa and methane production, and the highest number of bacteria and microbial protein synthesis.

Keywords
Moringa oleifera, protozoa, bacteria, methane, protein synthesis of rumen microbes

Topic
Feeds, feeding, and animal nutrition

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/Z36qNjGkghvC

Corresponding Author
Putri Kultsum Van Tando

Institutions
(a) Department of Agricultural and Biosystem Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Flora Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta, INDONESIA
(b) Laboratory of Watershed Management, Faculty of Forestry, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Agro No. 1 Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta, INDONESIA

Abstract
Karangkobar catchment is upland of Serayu watershed. Karangkobar catchment is characterized as rough topography, thick solum, high rainfall, and the land use dominated by agriculture. Unfortunately, the agricultural system ignores the principles of soil and water conservation. The purpose of this study was to describe and to evaluate the terrace design as soil and water conservation. The tools used were GPS, roll meter, and abney level. The study were conducted using qualitative descriptive. The purposive sampling method was adopted to determine the terrace point. The indicator to evaluate terrace design were slope, solum, soil texture, and land management. Terrace suitability evaluation used arithmetic matching methods based on technical requirements and observations of soil terracing. This study revealed that the percentage of bench terrace in study area was 43.75%, 25% ridge terrace, 12.5% water drainage channel, and without conservation 18.75%. The suitability of design: 25% was the fit design, moderate 18.75%, and bad design 56.25%. Making and repairing terraces to fit design was costly.

Keywords
Terrace; Karangkobar catchment; Conservation; unit lands

Topic
Land and water resources engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/aC9wkR2xvTqF

Corresponding Author
Joko Nugroho Wahyu Karyadi

Institutions
(a) Department Agricultural and Biosystem Engineering Universitas Gadjah Mada
(*) jknugroho[at]ugm.ac.id

Abstract
Petai (parkia speciosa) is a plant of the type of legumes (Fabaceae). This plant is spread in Southeast Asian countries, especially in Indonesia, which is usually consumed as fresh food. Petai production increased from 2016 to 2017 by 9.45%, so petai is very abundant in Indonesia. Petai is known to contain sulfidic acid which is strong and easily damaged like other agricultural products. This causes a decrease in physical and chemical quality so that it can reduce consumer interest. One way to maintain the quality of agricultural products is frozen. This method is the most effective drying method. The purpose of this study was to study freeze-drying methods on the physical and chemical quality of petai seeds. The material used is petai pods that have been replaced from the skin of the aris. Petai pods are processed into dry petai. The freeze drying machine used has stainless steel with a total size of 0.7 m, width 0.5 m, and height 1 m. Drying was carried out by heating 60oC at a vacuum pressure of -73.5 cmHg. The initial air content (wet basis) produced by the thermogravimetric method with three samples averaged 81.532%, after drying the air content (wet basis) decreased by 8.797%. The study sample also showed physical changes using the color of three sample seeds. The mean values of colors L, a *, and b * before drying are 53,525; -9,051; and 28.38. After drying, the values of L, a *, and b * are 59,575; -15,672; and 26,392.

Keywords
petai; freeze drying; physical properties; product quality

Topic
Postharvest and food engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/TkdGFxZP2gA4

Corresponding Author
Rofandi Hartanto Hartanto

Institutions
Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Sebelas Maret University (UNS)

Abstract
The results showed that the chemical characteristics (ash content, protein content, carbohydrate content, fat content and Thiobarbituric Acid number) of smoked catfish after storage were increased. The smoked catfish with vacuum packaging has longer shelf life than smoked catfish with non-vacuum packaging storage at 27oC dan 30oC . Non-vacuum seal has a shelf life of 6.9 days, whereas vacuum seal has a shelf life of 13 days.

Keywords
shelf life, smoked catfish, ASLT, vacuum and non vacuum seal

Topic
Postharvest and food engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/HCL8ZJ6mVKME

Corresponding Author
Sri Rahayoe

Institutions
a) Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Flora 1 Bulaksumur Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
(E-mail : srahayoe[at]ugm.ac.id)

Abstract
Palm sugar is one of the diversity products of coconut sap. The advantages of palm sugar than brown coconut sugar are easy to be transported, more soluble, has special aroma, and more hygienic. In this research, vapor and steam heater crystallizer was used in palm sugar crystallization process from brown coconut sugar and coconut sap. This study aimed to examine the change in brix during crystallization process. Experiments which were performed during this study used variations of the crystallizer and the raw material as much as 15 kg of brown coconut sugar and 15 liter of coconut sap. This palm sugar crystallization process was divided into two processes called evaporation and crystal growth. Evaporation process was done until the solution of coconut sap turned into saturated point with continuous stirring. Then, the heating process was stopped and the saturated solution was ready to be turned into the next stage called crystal growth. In this research, making process of saturated solution from brown coconut sugar was dissolved coconut sugar using aquades with ratio 10 kg of brown coconut sugar : 1.5 liter of water. Avrami model was used to determine coefficients of brix changes. With empirical equations derived from the modified Avrami models, the value of brix prediction can be determined. The rate constant on the crystallization process changes brix palm sugar with vapor heater crystallizer and steam heater crystallizer from coconut sugar were 3.79 x 10-3 per minute and 1.32 x 10-3 per minute. While, from coconut sap were 2.18x10-2 per minute and 1.63 x10-1 per minute. The Avrami exponent on crystallization process changes brix palm sugar with vapor heater crystallizer and steam heater crystallizer from coconut sugar were 1.9 and 2.1. Meanwhile, from coconut sap were 0.99 and 0,96. Statistical analysis showed that there was no significant effect of variations in the crystallizer, but it had significant effect on raw material.

Keywords
Palm Sugar, Crystallization, Kinetics Model

Topic
Postharvest and food engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/9ygbCJ8e2Ehd

Corresponding Author
Rizki Maftukhah

Institutions
Departement of Agricultural and Biosystem Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Flora No. 1, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia

Abstract
Rice is a semi aquatic plant and grown under anaerobic condition as long as water is available. Nowadays, water scarcity and climate change issues need to be address with new technology to increase water use efficiency in rice production. In the other hand, rice varieties must be able to adapt climate change in the future, especially drought even during rice growth periods. A shallow water depth irrigation, as a strategy to reduce water use might influence the rice growth development. The aim of this study was to characterize the leaf area index development of three different rice varieties grown in continuous flooding and shallow water depth irrigation. Pot experiments were conducted in Yogyakarta, Indonesia with three different rice varieties, i.e Mutiara, IR 64, and Hitam, and cultivated with two different irrigation system namely shallow water depth (SWD) and continuous flooding (CF). Leaf Area Index (LAI) was measured every 10 days and polynomial equation was used to describe LAI development during plant growth. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed using Ms. Excel to determine significant differences between treatments. Pearson correlation coefficient (R) was used to evaluate the performance of mathematical model. Leaf Area Index (LAI) under shallow water depth irrigation in different rice varieties were not significantly different compare to continuous flooding irrigation. LAI development in different treatment were described by polynomial equation, with various correlation value, ranged between 0.71 to 0.97. IR64 variety under control irrigation resulted lowest R (0.71), indicated that prediction value from observation data was not strongly correlated. However, other treatments showed strong relationship between prediction and observation data.

Keywords
water scarcity, rice, irrigation, leaf area index

Topic
Biophysics engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/UtApmcDrJn8M

Corresponding Author
Handarto Handarto

Institutions
Department of Agricultural Engineering and Biosystem
Faculty of Agro-industrial Engineering
Universitas Padjadjaran

Abstract
A fog cooling system is applied to maintain the desired air temperature and humidity in a greenhouse. For the effective application of this system, droplet sizes belonging to the fog criteria (less than 60 micron) and its uniformity are important parameters that need to be achieved. The objective of this research is to analyze usage of axial and centrifugal fans in order to enhance quality of droplets that generated through 0.1-mm nozzles. The axial fans are installed behind nozzles while the centrifugal fans are installed 80 cm in front of nozzles. The smaller size and more uniform of droplets could create the micro-climate changes in greenhouse become more uniform. The sizes of droplets resulted by axial fan, centrifugal fan, and both axial and centrifugal fans are 11.90 micron, 5.28 micron and 2.69 micron, respectively. The smaller size and more uniform of droplets could create the micro-climate changes in greenhouse become more uniform. Electric energy consumption for axial and centrifugal fans during 62 cycle (6 h 2 min) on fog cooling system is the smallest compare to the other electrical equipments (fogging pump, relay and solenoid valve). Electric energy before and after using axial and centrifugal fans are 6,002.34 kJ and 6,094.29 kJ, respectively.

Keywords
Axial fan; Centrifugal fan; Droplet quality; Fog cooling system; Greenhouse

Topic
Agricultural structures and environmental engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/XLpyZcGEkK82

Corresponding Author
Andri Prima Nugroho

Institutions
a) Dept. of Agricultural & Biosystems Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Flora 1 Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
*andrew[at]ugm.ac.id
b) AGM Systems & Engineering, Suwon, South Korea
c) Daedong Industry Co., Ltd., Seoul, South Korea

Abstract
The objective of this study was to present the development of GPS-based tracking system to evaluate the effectiveness of tillage using a four-wheel tractor. The system is composed of a location acquisition, using GPS (iGPSport), and data analysis for estimating the tractor trajectories and effectiveness of tillage by measuring the overlap during the tillage. The laboratory stage experiment was conducted to validate the system by measuring the specified size of the field and tractor trajectories. The performance evaluation of the system was done by measuring the displacement error of actual trajectories and the estimated one. The system was also tested for the actual tillage operation using a four-wheel tractor, Daedong Kioti RX7210, in two locations in Yogyakarta: Pajangan, and Moyudan. The tractor tracking system was developed based on GPS for estimating the tractor trajectory path and operation width distance (l) after the operation as tillage effectiveness evaluation by the evaluation of overlap and un-tillage land systematically using the tracking system. The system performance evaluation in the actual field for tillage operation using the four-wheel tractor in Moyudan and Pajangan shows that the RMSE < 50 cm, and the MAPE < 24% with R2 > 0.7. Overall performance of the tracking system, it could be used to estimate the behavior of tillage operation.

Keywords
precision agriculture; gps-tracking; tracking system; precision tillage; tracking

Topic
Energy and agricultural machinery

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/dwf6xqvaRmAL

Corresponding Author
Mimin Muhaemin

Institutions
Universitas Padjadjaran, Kampus Jatinangor, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang km 21, Sumedang 45363, Indonesia.

Abstract
Abstract. With decreasing fossil oil reserve, alternative plant-based fuel become more important. One of the source of such fuel is kemiri sunan (rutealis trisperma). Kemiri sunan has an advantage that it is not competing for food use. Biodiesel from kemiri sunan needs to be tested on diesel engine. The objective of this research was to test the performance of a diesel engine with a mixture of biodiesel from kemiri sunan and fossil-based diesel fuel. This study was conducted in an experimental-decriptive manner by using several level of mixture of biodiesel from 0% (B-0) to 70% (B-70) using dynamometer. Measured parameter were torsion, power, fuel consumption, thermal efficiency and flue gas emission. Experimental results showed that maximum torsion could be achieved with 20% of biodiesel (B-20). Moreover, maximum thermal efficiency was achieved with fuel of 10% biodiesel (B-10).

Keywords
biodiesel, Sunan candlenut, mixed ratio, diesel engine performance

Topic
Energy and agricultural machinery

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/eX2HUYpPzxRt

Corresponding Author
Rizki Maftukhah

Institutions
Departement of Agricultural and Biosystem Engineering, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Flora No. 1, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia

Abstract
Shallow water depth (SWD) and intermittent irrigation are methods design to reduce water use of rice plant and maintain rice yield. The objective of this study was to characterize the rice plant growth behavior of four different local rice varieties cultivated in continuous flooding (CF) and intermittent with shallow water depth (SWD) irrigation. Rice varieties i.e. Ciherang, IR64, Hitam, and Merah were grown in pot experiment with CF and SWD irrigation. Rice growth parameters such as plant height, number of tillers, SPAD, and steam hardness were observed during a season. Different rice varieties resulted different response to irrigation treatment, where Ciherang and Merah varieties under SWD irrigation were significantly improve number of tillers. However, IR64 and Hitam varieties were different. In addition, plant height, SPAD, and stem hardness were not significantly different among treatment. Rice cultivation under SWD irrigation of different local rice varieties in this experiment shows that not significantly different from CF irrigation, indicated that rice varieties can be adapted in areas with limited water availability.

Keywords
irrigation, water use, rice varieties, plant growth

Topic
Biophysics engineering

Link: https://ifory.id/abstract/Tn4GU8xMce2Z